Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate timing control characteristics in synchronization-continuation task that appear according to dance expertise and tempo. Methods: The participants were divided into 12 professional dancers who are active in domestic professional dance troupes and 12 non-dancers. The task was to synchronize finger tapping according to auditory stimuli provided periodically under three tempo conditions (60, 120, 180 bpm) and than continue tapping at the reference tempo without auditory stimuli. The timing accuracy of synchronization task was calculated as the absolute error of asynchrony, and timing variability was calculated as the standard deviation of asynchrony. The difference between the inter-tap interval (ITI) and the target time was calculated as timing accuracy, and the standard deviation of ITI was calculated as timing variability in the continuous task. Results: In the synchronization task, the timing accuracy was highest in the 120bpm condition, and the timing variability of the experts was lower in the 60 and 120bpm compared to the novice. Timing variability in the continuation task was lower in the skilled group than in the inexperienced group, and higher than in other tempo conditions at 60bpm. Conclusion: Through these research results, dancers are specialized in creating and maintaining regular movements without auditory stimulation as well as consistently moving in accordance with periodic rhythms, and long-term dance training experience has a positive effect on promoting these abilities.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in judgment accuracy according to the past experience of diving referees based on embodied cognitive theory. Methods: We conducted online evaluation of the technical movements of the diving competition to 48 diving referees. Questions about the referees’ experiences as an athlete, performance, referee, and visual experience, as well as videos of diving technology movements were presented on the online evaluation paper. The referees’ scores were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, and hierarchical regression based on their past experience. Results: The results of this study were as follows: First, there was a statistical difference in the judgment error according to the level of judges. It was found that the judgment errors of the first-level referees was fewer than that of the third-level referees. Second, there was a significant difference in judgment errors depending on the referees’ past experience as an athlete confirming that referees who had prior athletic experience made fewer judgment errors compared to referees with no prior experience. Third, referees who had prior experience in performing technical movements presented in online evaluations had fewer judgment errors and tended to give negative scores compared to referees with no prior experience. Fourth, there has been a difference in judgment errors depending on whether the referees have actually gained experience in refereeing over the past year. Fifth, there was a significant difference in judgment errors according to the referees’ visual experience. However, after conducting hierarchical regression analysis to control for the influence of the referees’ level, no significant difference was found. Conclusion: this study confirmed that there was a difference in judgment errors depending on referees’ past experience as an athlete, experience of performance, experience of referee, etc. In particular, it is meaningful in that it has confirmed the possibility that the past experience of the actual performance can affect the referees’ accurate judgment. Therefore, based on the results of this study, a follow-up study will be needed to confirm how participation in physical training or imagery training for various technical movements affects referees judgment errors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand the essence of teamwork, such as its role, influence, and development, based on the competition experience of world-class badminton doubles players, and to suggest the direction for sports teamwork research and training based on this. Methods: Data was collected through individual in-depth interviews and focus group interviews from 6 research participants, male and female, with more than 9 years of experience as national badminton doubles players, and the content of the interviews was analyzed based on phenomenological methods. Results: First, the players emphasized the importance of teamwork in close matches, at the early or late stages of a match or when their performance was poor. Second, changes in teamwork during the game affected a player’s cognition, emotional stability, and physical performance, which in turn is linked to the team’s competence and mood, thereby affecting the team’s performance. Third, teamwork during the game was influenced not only by a player’s willpower and performance, but also by various factors such as their partner, coaches, referees, and spectators. Fourth, the players used strategies such as faithfully carrying out their roles, persevering, being considerate to their partners and having conversations to maintain teamwork during matches. Finally, it was suggested that building trust, strengthening interdependence, and enhancing team competence are necessary for the development of teamwork. Conclusion: This study is meaningful in that it embodies the essence of teamwork, and it provides the direction for team building training to help develop teamwork measurement tools and strengthen teamwork in the future.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the reason that people can sustain exercise over a long period of time in spite of the numerous obstacles that may exist in other areas of their life. Methods: First of all, this study operationally defined the ability to sustain exercise activity over a long period of time as ‘exercise grit’, and then it examined its formation process and built a theory around its development. The participants in this study consisted of young adults who had been consistently exercising for more than three years, with a total of 11 participants, consisting of 5 females and 6 males, being selected according to purposeful sampling. Data were then collected through in-depth interviews with the research participants, and these data were applied and analyzed via open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, in that order, as suggested by Strauss and Corbin. Results: The open coding findings indicated 20 upper categories, 55 lower categories, and 368 concepts. The next step involved a paradigm model derived through axial coding to extract the story outline and core categories, and then the presentation of a theoretical model. The results of the paradigm model derived through axial coding are as follows. Causality conditions refer to an opportunity to encounter exercise, and they indicate the perceived need for exercise and environmental influences. Contextual conditions refer to the rewards provided by exercise, displayed as psychological rewards, extreme joy and enjoyment, good physical looks, and health, the improvement of sociability, a faithful and stable life attitude, skill acquisition, and skill improvement. Central phenomena indicated the strengthening of grit for habit formation, which included achieving goals, receiving support from family and acquaintances, and having a deep affection and passion for sports. Mediation conditions refer to the obstacles preventing exercise, which can be viewed as a negative gaze perception that acts as an exercise disruptor. Action/interaction refer to one’s own unique exercise strategy, and it is indicated through the display of a psychological strategy, tightly keeping to an exercise schedule, the establishment of a favorable environment, the prioritization of exercise time, etc. The results refer to habit maintenance that adapted exercise into one’s regular life, lifelong partners, and mental training. Finally, selective coding refers to a core category that abstractly encompasses all categories, and this study suggested ‘companion exercise that encourages beneficial changes to one’s life’. Conclusion: In this study, a specific discussion was conducted on how the physical, psychological, and social changes that occur within a contextual condition of the paradigm model, ‘reward from exercise’, form exercise grit and create long-lasting habits.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop the Korean version of Assessment of Teamwork(KATS) based on a conceptual model developed in this study and to verify its reliability and validity. Methods: Athletes recruited from varsities and professional sports teams completed semi-structured open-ended questions and questionnaires. Data were analyzed through experts’ meetings utilizing inductive content analysis, which led to establishment of a conceptual model. Preliminary items were developed based on the model. A factor structure was identified through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, indices of construct reliability, Cronbach’s alpha, average variance extracted, group differences and correlations were examined. Results: Nine factors were emergent from preliminary data. Six factors including goal setting, game analysis, preparation, cooperation, team identity, and interpersonal relationship were extracted from exploratory factor analysis. Results from confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate model fit. Concurrent validity, convergent validity and reliability were demonstrated. The KATS were correlated with collective efficacy and cohesion; group differences were found in goal setting, game analysis, preparation and team identity at the function of a league level. Conclusion: The KATS is expected to be used as a practical tool to assess teamwork in the field.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to research the effect of an 8-week Hatha yoga program on the stress, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem of the Highly Sensitive Person. Methods: 33 adults were assigned to HSP Hatha yoga groups(n=8), non-HSP Hatha yoga groups(n=9), HSP control groups(n=8), or non-HSP control groups(n=8), and verified the effects of the Hatha yoga program. The collected data pre and post the Hatha yoga program were statistically analyzed using mean, standard deviation, homogeneity, and variance with IBM SPSS v.26. After 8-weeks of the Hatha yoga program, conducted a Semi-structural interview with HSP Hatha yoga groups(n=7), non-HSP Hatha yoga groups(n=6) about the effect of the Hatha yoga program. Results: The results of analyzing within-subject, DASS-21 depression and self-esteem showed significant differences, especially HSP's DASS-21 depression, and self-esteem were most improved. There were no significant differences in between-group (HSP or non-HSP) effect sizes.The interaction effects on time × level of SPS(HSP or non-HSP) showed significant differences in perceived stress, DASS-21 stress and DASS-21 depression and there were big differences in the HSP Hatha yoga group's decrease of DASS-21 stress and depression and increase of self-esteem. Also, the interaction effects on time × intervention(participating in the Hatha yoga program or not) showed significant differences in DASS-21 stress and DASS-21 depression, and the Hatha yoga program group's DASS-21 stress, depression, and self-esteem improved. As comparing HSP Hatha yoga groups and non-HSP Hatha yoga groups, the within-subject effect sizes showed significant differences in all of the dependent variables. Conversely, there were no significant differences in between-group effect sizes. However, the interaction effects on time × level of SPS(HSP or non-HSP) showed a significant decrease in perceived stress and depression, the HSP group got a major decrease, especially. Conclusion: Based on this study, it became clear that the Hatha yoga program is effective to decrease stress and depression and increase self-esteem regardless of HSP or not, it works to decrease HSP's stress and depression, significantly. It provided the possibility for the Hatha yoga program to become one of the positive methods of the solution for HSP who easy to get some problems with their mental health.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the levels of effort, reward, Julsil(aspiration), and continuous intention to their sport for student-athletes belonging to college teams and to verify the structural relationship between them. Methods: For this purpose, after collecting data from 484 college student-athletes, descriptive statistics, validity and reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and path analysis were conducted to derive the results. Results: First, it was found that there was a positive correlation among student-athletes’ effort, reward, Julsil, and intention of athletic continuation. Second, as a result of analyzing the structural relationship between variables, according to the balance and imbalance of effort and reward, it was found that there is a significant indirect effect when the effort and reward of athletes are mediated by Julsil. Conclusion: Through these research results, it is necessary to emphasize the athlete’s effort and provide corresponding rewards to increase athletes’ continuation intention. In particular, various motivational strategies to increase Julsil are required.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore ways to increase the job engagement of fitness leaders by examining the relationships among variables such as growth motivation, informal learning, and social support. Methods: The subjects of the study were 408 male and female fitness leaders, and they were collected after requesting a survey. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and mediation analysis were performed using the SPSS 27.0 program, and confirmatory factor analysis and model suitability were verified using the AMOS 18.0 program. Results: First, growth motivation, informal learning, and social support had a positive effect on job engagement among fitness leaders. Second, in the effect of growth desire on job engagement, informal learning and social support had a parallel multi-mediated effect. Conclusion: A fitness leader’s desire for growth contributes to enhancing the guiding competency needed for growth and development, and helps to strengthen his passion for teaching. In addition, it has been confirmed that fitness leaders with high growth needs increase their engagement for their jobs when social relationships such as the support of colleagues, bosses, families, and customers are formed, and their attitude to participate in informal learning also affects job engagement.